Foreigners, Internal Disturbance, and Reconciliation in Athenian Society at the End of the Fifth Century BC Michinori SHINOHARA This paper will reconsider the relationship between citizens and foreigners after the internal disturbance in Athens at the end of the fifth century BC. Athens fell into disorder at the end of the Peloponnesian War. “The Thirty,” an oligarchy, overthrew the democracy in 404 BC. Democrats resisted this new government because of the wanton behavior of its members. They gaining predominance, reconciliation was organized the next year. This reconciliation has been regarded as an ongoing process in which members of the polis attempted to create a common memory of the past and a new membership to restore order. However, many scholars have ignored foreigners in this process, as if they had considered citizens the only members of the polis. The concept of citizenship was important in Athenian society and limited to Athenians men; however, foreigners, particularly foreign residents (metics), were also an indispensable part of the polis and contributed to the end of the disorders, and involved in the reconciliation. First, a common memory was also shared by foreigners. Lysias often used the concept “the majority” (plēthos) to mean the subjects of the polis in orations after the reconciliation. It became one way to clear the nature of persons in lawsuits, whether they were close to the plēthos or to “the Thirty” then. Speeches using this discourse allowed the past to be shared by all residents. Using this concept transformed the Thirty into scapegoats and erased past discord between members of the polis. Lysias, a metic himself, presented foreigners as close to plēthos in Lys 2, 12, fr. 70, because of their contributions to the end of the disorders. This recognition was probably acceptable to Athenian citizens. Second, membership in the polis was also accessible to foreigners. “To be orderly contributing to the polis” and “to do whatever one wants” became standards by which to measure membership. Lysias regarded metics as meeting these standards in Lys.12, 22. Eleusis, one distinct (deme), similarly honored Damasias, metic, as “being orderly.” These two examples prove that foreigners were involved in the reconciliation after the end of the Internal Disturbance. While Athenian citizens maintained their unity, they did attempt to incorporate foreigners into the community. This flexibility was one aspect of Athenian society.