Whiteness Studies in Japan: Types of Whiteness Visible and Invisible Takao Fujikawa This paper considers two versions of whiteness: visible, marked whiteness and invisible, unmarked whiteness, and the relationship between the two, from a historical perspective. I also identify four types of whiteness in which marked whiteness and unmarked whiteness are inexplicably related. The four types of whiteness are based on observations of the relationships European countries, the United States and British white settler societies had with non-European countries and migrants in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The first two types are the imperial and multicultural types, where invisible whiteness prevails, and the second two are the republican and racist types, where visible whiteness prevails. I argue that we need a theory or map of whiteness that names invisible whiteness in relation to visible whiteness over a long period of time. We need a theory, which is not binding, but helps us form a larger perspective of connectedness among the various manifestations of whiteness. I hope that the typology of whiteness I present in this paper will become an inspiration towards a further consideration or theoretical analysis of whiteness in historical space.