Okmulgee Conventions in the Indian Territory during the 1870s: Step forward to Formation of a United Indian State Yoshitaka IWASAKI This paper discusses the historical implications of the General Council of the Indian Territory (also known as the Okmulgee Convention) held between 1870 and 1878 at Okmulgee, the capital city of the Creek/Muskokee Nation, the Indian Territory. Additionally, this paper reviews several other instances of federation-building amongst the Indian tribes of the United States. These conferences were held by representatives from the various Native American tribes including the 'Five Civilized Tribes', which had been forced to relocate to the Indian Territory, and the Plains Tribes, which already occupied the region. The 1870 Convention succeeded in drafting the first written constitution for the Native American nations, the Constitution of the Indian Territory (or Okmulgee Constitution). This groundbreaking constitution foundered during the ratification process due to confrontation between the majority and minority tribes, and the stonewalling and ostracising tactics used by the 'Civilized' Tribes' against the 'wild' Plains counterparts. Nonetheless, the importance of the Okmulgee Convention (the 1870 and 1871 sessions especially) and the Okmulgee Constitution itself cannot be overstated: they pre-figure the first-ever constitutional coalition government comprising the legislative, executive and judicial branches by indigenous peoples within United States borders.