ここから2007年度の授業の記録です。学生数は20人を超え、超過気味です。最初に初めて参加する学生には、自己紹介を英語で、パワーポイントを使ってしてもらいました。これは昨年と同様です。ひととおり自己紹介が終わり、英語での報告に移りました。最初の報告は博士後期の安井さんからです。人数が多いこともあり、授業後にメールでコメントを送ってもらうことにしました。2006年度と同様にすべての授業の記録は載せられませんが、記録が揃っている物を中心に掲載します。
The Civil Rights Era and Affirmative Action in the U. S. A.
May 30, 2007
Michiko Yasui
1 What is Affirmative Action?
a) To distinguish members of minority groups and prepare them for better opportunities in business, industry and education.
b) ‘Affirmative or positive measure or step to eliminate social injustice such as racial or sexual discrimination
c) To give equal opportunities or preferential treatments to those who have been discriminated and could not have had access to job or education
2 Why do we need such policy?
To utilize potential human resources as much as possible
Segregation or slavery system was no longer profitable.
Industrialization and Democratization
3 Affirmative Action Policies in America
In the late 1960s
Federal Government
Changes; 1970s, 1980s and 1990
21st Century
Almost dying but still alive
4 The Civil Rights Movements
What is ‘civil right’?
The Cold War and the Civil Rights in America
1950s
* Government-lead movements
*The Cold War Liberalism
*The Brown Decision (1954)
1960s
* Movements from grassroots
*Martin Luther King Jr.
*Malcolm X
King’s Speech in the March on Washington
“I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slavers and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.”
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
5 The end of the Civil Rights Movements
Riots,
Long hot summers
War on Poverty
War in Vietnam
Assassination of King
“Burn, Baby, Burn!”
Crisis of America
1967 Election/ Nixon, the winner
Silent Majority
Affirmative Action
6 Philadelphia Movements
Why Philadelphia?
The City of Brotherly Love
References
Alton Hornsby, Jr., Chronology of African American History, Gale Research Inc., 1991.
William T. Martin Riches, The Civil Rights Movement; Struggle and Resistance, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
Larry Gonick, The Cartoon History of the United States, Harper Perennial, 1991.
James W. Loewen, Lies My Teacher Told Me; Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, Touchstone, 1995.
Mary L. Dudziak, Cold war Civil Rights; Race and the Image of American Democracy, Princeton University Press, 2000.
Philip F. Rubio, A History of Affirmative Action, 1619- 2000, University Press of Mississippi, 2001.
Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion; The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945-1990, University Press of Mississippi, 1991.
Noboru Kousaka, Rev. King and Malcolm X, Kodansha, 1994.
（上坂 昇『キング牧師とマルコムX』講談社現代新書、1994年。）
2007年度前期藤川演習 (英語・水曜3限)
The Civil Rights Era and Affirmative Action in the USA by Michiko Yasui
Discussion
Q1. Why do you interest in affirmative action in the USA? Do you know which do affirmative action?
Actually I am interest in the History of the USA and I took this issue. Of course there are many countries take this policy and even in Japan there was such kind of similar policy to make positive discrimination to influence some difference. Someone from forth graders presented arguments last weeks in France positive action and in England also there is. It’s called positive action. But I think the history of those policies maybe different. May be I have to compare these policies later.
Q2. Which foreign countries criticized the USA in 1950’s?
Around 1950-60’s is decolonization years. Many under constructing countries, developing countries became dependant from British Empire, Netherlands, and French and so on. Those countries criticized American policy because USA was becoming a next hegemonic nation.
Q3. Which do you like better or support to civil rights movement Martin Luther King, Jr. or Malcolm X ?
May be I like Malcolm. Actually Malcolm changed his attitude and opinion in his late years. In doing so he was a assassinated. In 1965 he was killed by a member of nation of Islam. At that time his idea was very different from earlier was. He even thought to support King’s idea.
King’s dream was be included and treated equally in the American society. You are familiar with this phrase “I have a dream But by the content character.” His dream is not by the color of their skin but by their content of their character. But it’s assimilation or inclusion. But Malcolm is night bare. Malcolm thought that it was impossible to be realized King’s dream. Malcolm’s dream is to establish own nation, to separate from the even society like USA. It is Black Nationalism. Roots of His idea were 100 years earlier. Markus Garvy wanted to establish own nation in Africa. He told that Black people go back to Africa and establish own nation. This was a most clear different.
Malcolm left the nation of Islam in 1963. After his travel to Mecca, he learned anything about race problem. Afterward he reconsidered his idea and his Black Nationalism was not so effective for black people in USA on the problem of race. He changed his idea before 1963. He visited King’s home in Atlanta. But King refused to meet each other because his fame as a leader of Islam or Black Nationalist was prevailed at that time. But he came closer to King and wanted to do his movement together. He was interested in the problem of poverty and black northern people.
Q4. Did Native American people take part in the civil rights movement? Who are minority groups at that time?
Many people who came from South America, India and Native America joined on the march of Washington. But the black people were so much interest in their fate or own future. At that time, Black people, Hispanic people, Asian people, Women, minority ethnic and Handicaps included in the minorities.
Q5. What is about the future of Affirmative Action?
In future it should be alive. There are many disc imitate in American Society. They need policy for the minority, for discriminated people. But I don’t think that they can’t solve this problem with only this policy. They need different policy. They have to plus idea saving minority people and poor people.
Edited by Keita Morimoto
(1) I suppose that the presentation,which is based on a scrupulous survey, on Affirmative Action was very fascinating to me for two main reasons.
The first point I would like to remark is that the presenter focused on the pivotal period during which American society took a new turn toward a multiple community from the obvious discriminated situation. Although the United States seems, at the first glance, a truly "united" nation, we should not overlook the fact that they met with a certain conflict by which the minorities pursued The Civil Rights. Therefore, I would like to assert that her presentation did take a role to convery such an important and untarnished truth to us.
The second reason is likely to derive from more personal curiousity; my own theme. As I am studying the influence caused by the influx of numerous foreigners from all over the europe and which changed Venetian society in sixteenth and seventeenth century, her work is really intruguing, for I can learn some method of survey and conceived some common social aspects in the figure of the United States, albeit there is a wide difference of days. The impact of the dynamic alteration, in particular, which confused the existent socity might have been equivalent to that of the case in the Republic of Venice. Hence I was bending my ears to the presentation with some concern.
by Yuki Miyagaki(MA student)
(2) I enjoyed hearing Ms.Yasui’s presentation today, but I couldn’t decide whether I should agree with her about the future of the Affirmative Action that it should not be abolished.
When I lived in Tennessee, I went to a school called Alcoa where there were no Japanese other than myself and my two sisters. Alcoa had far more “minority” students such as blacks, Hispanics, Asians, handicapped people, and so on compared to the other schools nearby. Many students came from other cities to be enrolled in Alcoa, but no Japanese because Japanese preferred schools with many other Japanese and whites. My little sister had two best friends in Alcoa; one white, and the other black. Three of them stuck around together all the time, and no one really cared about their race differences. Maybe it was only in my school, and maybe it was only during that peaceful era of Bill Clinton, but I think the dream of Martin Luther King Jr. was actually there.
I can’t say that I never felt being discriminated, but people treated me equally as one Japanese student. I don’t know about other schools and other states, so I can’t decide on whether the US should abolish Affirmative Action or not. I think the existance of such policy makes a country harder to overcome the underlying discrimination. However, at the same time, I feel that abolishing it complitely would make the gap between the majority and the minority broader.
by Chiemi Yamano(4th grade)
(3) My first impression about Ms Yasui`s presentation was it seemed so hard to speak during 30min. fortunately, the rest of us don`t need do that.
However, if it is necessary to use a lot of unusual words like privileged, restitution (maybe it’s inevitable), a few of presentations would be incomprehensible for me.
the contents are interesting. just, if affirmative action doesn`t suggest an existence of royal duty of nation, does it mean only a way of nationalization? this is the question now I have.
by Suguru Harada(4th grade)
(4) Ms.Yasui presented in a very clear voice and at a proper tempo.
It is very important for presentations.
From her presentation, I learned three things about the Civil Rights Movements and Affirmative Action: the ambiguousness of the definition of the term "minority groups", the changes of the things required as "the Civil Rights," and the understanding in the international historical context such as the Cold War and the decolonization.
The Civil Rights and Affirmative Action in the USA are familiar topics, so I was able to understand well her presentation than I expected. Without the background information, I couldn't have understood very much what she said. So I think explaining with easy words is very important. To do that, we need not only English skill but also profound understanding on the things which we are going to present.
Therefore, I think this class gives us a great chance for the improvement of history research and skills on English, presentations, and computers (especially Power Point).
by Kazuha Okimoto(4th grade)
(5) I think her presentation was very interesting because I didn't know much about a history of affirmative action. I'm interested in the civil rights movement in the United States. When I was a highschool student, I learned about civil rights movement and memorized some phrase of King's "I have a dream"speech. I was very moved by this speech. Racial predudice is deep-rooted so I think affirmative action is needed to some extent, but other problems have been generated.
In Japan, affirmative action is also taken effect at many places such as schools and companies, and I often heard the reverse discrimination exist. I believe people is judged by the content of his/her character. It is a very difficult problem.
by Sakamoto Yoko(4th grade)
(6) Today, the race problem is becoming more and more serious. So I thought the Affirmaive Action in the U.S.A., which was the main topic of the presentation, was interesting as one of the possible solution, although it contained very complicated problems.
by Rika Kobata(4th grade)
(7) Her explanation was plain to understand.
I felt that Ms.Yasui was tired to present what she had researched and answer the questions for full time.
I haven’t heard about Affirmative Action so well before, so I got interested in it after her presentation.
In question time, someone (maybe Mr.Fujikawa or Ms.Yasui) said that Hispanics were denied Affirmative Action because they were regarded as white although they were minority. So I want to know the other minorities who were excluded from the action.
What I thought was interesting, not has direct relationship with her research, was that Native Americans were different from Black Americans in how to live with discrimination and how to take Affirmative Action. I’m going to look into more about discrimination and Affirmative Action for myself.
by Oiwa Eriko(3rd grade)
(8) I asked this question to Ms. Yasui at the class. "Who is the minority?" She said, "Black people, Spanish people, women, and people with disability..." Then she also presented about "The Civil Rights Movement". I regarded this movement and affirmative action as the movement for Black people, by Black people so far. Of course I knew
that there are so many peoole who have various origin in the US, but I couldnt look at minorities except for Black people. By the way, how was and is the affirmative action? My image is that Black people in the northen part of the US become richer, but in the southen part of the US, such as New Olions, Black people is still poorer than people in
the north. I think that the difference between the north and the south in the US makes this situation more.
difficult and complicated.
by Shoji Tsumura(4th grade)
(9) Her presentation was easy to understand. She spoke very clearly and her slides and resume were nice. I think it was good to use some pictures in her slides. It made easy to listen to her explanation.
And the most impressive thing was she answered every question properly and long. I can know her interest very well.
This class is really a good opportunity not only to expand my knowledge but also to listen and think in English.I hope speakers speak slowly and wait a little between different topics to understand well.
by Kanenari Akiko(4th grade)
(10) Ms.Yasui made a presentation about "The Civil Rights Era and Affirmative Action in the U.S.A" Affirmative Action is a movement to distinguish minority groups and prepare for better opportunities in various cases such as business, education. Affirmative Action Policies in America began as The Civil Rights Movements in the late 1960s.
Originally, The Civil Rights Movements was carried out against Communism in the Cold War. The government led the movements to appeal liberalism of America, however, the movements didn't take place smoothly because it was disturbed by some associations such as K.K.K.
But, two famous black leaders broke this situation. One of them was
Matin Luther King Jr. He led people nonviolence. On the other hand, another leader MalcolmX appealed for people using violence. They used contrary way, but people received big impression by them. I've already known King in education of English, but I don't know MalcolmX well. So I want to know him well. I don't understand that Affirmative Action of America succeeds or not, so I watch the movement in the future.
by Takuya Koumoto(3rd grade)
(11) Ms.Yasui's presentation "The Civil Rights Era and Affirmative Active in the U.S.A." is fresh topic for me because I had not been interested in modern American problem. And this presentation gives me new idea - I will research pirates by comparing the pirates of the Golden Age of pirates with modern pirates.
by Kakeru Fujiwara(3rd grade)